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3.11 Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Expert Systems (HL only) The book covers the fast-changing field of artificial intelligence and robotics in chapter 16. Common AI and robotic techniques are broken down and clearly explained, along with examples of the latest examples from robotic researchers. TOK links help raise fundamental questions about the development of robotics, ethics, and their impact on humanity. This chapter covers section 3.11 Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems of the ITGS syllabus, with links to other sections including 1.1 Reliability, 1.11 People and Machines, 3.1 Hardware, 3.2 Software, and each of the ITGS specific scenarios. The support resources below complement the textbook content:. What is intelligence?.

Expert Systems. Artificial Intelligence. Searching. Heuristics. Computational Intelligence.

Pattern recognition. Natural language processing. Representing knowledge.

Neural networks. Applications of AI: Games-playing AI. Applications of AI: Artificial examiners (exam grading).

Applications of AI: IBM Watson supercomputer. Robotics. Driverless cars. Civilian applications for drones. Industrial robots.

Ethical issues. Robotic input devices. Robotic output devices. Robotic SurgeryThe is the most famous robotic tool to assist surgeons. Is essential reading to understand the technology behind it. Not everyone agrees that the impacts of such systems are positive, however.

Expert system for seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry structures S. Churilov University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Skopje, Macedonia. (Exsys CORVID 2004). 2 THE BASICS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS. An expert system shell is a software pro-gramming environment which enables the construc.

(The Atlantic) charts the dramatic rise in robot-assisted operations, while (MIT) investigates some of the potential negative impacts that have been reported. Addresses similar issues.

(NY Times) is a tragic story of a patient whose operation was botched by a doctor with no previous experience on the Da Vinci Surgical System - a stark reminder that training is essential whenever new technologies are introduced. Computer-controlled prosthetic devicesComputer-controlled prosthetic devices have made huge leaps in recent years, with lighter weight devices that can be controlled by the user's feet, electrical impulses from nerve endings,. Perhaps the most famous development is the 'Luke Arm', created by Dean Kamen for DARPA. (This and this give a good sense of the wonder of this device).

There have also been developments in (BBC) and more recently, the FDA even approved a to blind people. (NY Times) gives a detailed insight into what it is like learning to live with a 'robotic' arm. Military use of IT: Drones and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are aircraft remotely controlled by pilots who may be on the ground nearby -.

Drones use the (BBC), including (18 gigapixels!) to view the ground from altitudes upto 15,000 ft. UAVs, in particular the US Predator and Reaper drones, are famous for their use in (CBS) and (BBC). In early 2013 The Atlantic reported that the US Air Force were researching micro-UAVs - suggests some of their possible applications. Covers similar possible developments. UAVs have also moved outside of traditional military roles. That since late 2009 US drones have been protecting civilian shipping off the coast of Somalia - waters notorious for pirate attacks. British forces were considering similar tactics,.

On US soil, unarmed drones are used to patrol the (Washington Post), and drone manufacturers have marketed their products to US police forces, though not without some (NY Times). Civilian uses for drones are covered on the page. Artificial Intelligence: The Basicsby Kevin Warwick (free shipping) A good reference book for teachers of the Higher Level Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Expert Systems topic. A particularly useful section is 'Classical AI', which has clear explanations of expert systems, basic logic, and fuzzy logic that should help students and teachers better understand this area. Others areas are somewhat less useful for ITGS students; although the penultimate chapter is titled 'robots', it heavily focuses on the artificial intelligence routines used to control robots and is above the level required for ITGS. Nevertheless, this final chapter, Sensing the World, has clear explanations of image processing and computer vision techniques that are clear and helpful (image processing came up in a recent Paper 1 exam). Predator: The Remote-Control Air War over Iraq and Afghanistan: A Pilot's Storyby Matthew Martin (free shipping) As the title suggests, Predator: A Pilot's Story tells the story of Matthew J.

Martin, an air force Captain who flew Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) on hundreds of missions over Iraq and Afghanistan. Throughout the book Martin gives an insight into how these drones work, and how this technology has contributed to the modern battlefield. Along the way he addresses several related ethical issues, including suggestions that drone pilots are less 'involved' in the battle, and allegations that drone attacks have resulted in serious civilian casualties. Students with an interest in information technology and the military should find this an interesting and informative read, with clear links to ITGS and social/ethical issues. Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Centuryby P. Singer (free shipping) Update: The Wired for War is now available as a free audio book when you sign up for a free Audible trial ( or customers only). Even if you cancel the trial, you get to keep the books.

In Wired for War, Singer examines how robots are used on today's battlefields, and asks how they might be used in the future. In addition to providing examples of cutting edge robotics, Singer describes the technical challenges involved in creating such machines, and discusses in detail the ethical issues raised by using technology to kill.

This book is quite easy to 'dip in' at chapters that interest the reader, and quite a few of my students have found this interesting reading. The hard cover version I have seems to be unavailable now, but there is a and a, though the latter is more expensive.

The author also has a. Dark Pools: The Rise of the Machine Traders and the Rigging of the U.S. Stock Marketby Scott Patterson (free shipping) Dark Pools tells the story of the sudden, unstoppable rise of artificial intelligence software among stock traders - and the world-changing impacts on global economics.

Patterson charts the young, tech-savvy traders who saw an opportunity to use computer software to replace the slow, inefficient, and sometimes downright corrupt human traders in stock exchanges across the world. In doing so, they changed stock trading forever, developing high-speed algorithms that could automatically react to market swings in milliseconds - and buy or sell accordingly, and developing 'bots' that looked for loop holes in the systems.

Dark Pools clearly relates to ITGS, particularly the themes of being overly dependent on computers and creating intelligent software which can escape the control of even its creators. It is not necessary to read the book cover-to-cover to grasp the essential points Patterson is trying to make (indeed the storytelling is a bit dry in places), but the implications of many sections of the book are genuinely frightening and would make good examples for classroom use when teaching artificial intelligence. Note: Dark Pools contains quite a large amount of bad language. The Lego Mindstorms EV3 Laboratoryby Daniele Benedettelli (free shipping) Building and programming instructions are presented for five robot models in this black and white book which follows in very much the same vein as The NXT Discovery Book and The NXT Inventor's Book. As with previous books in the series, the early chapters contained detailed explanations of the Mindstorms programming software, from the basic blocks to advanced functions of the mathematics block. The additional challenges ('Experiments') from the NXT Inventors guide also make a welcome return: these offer students extra programming challenges related to the current robot being built.

The EV3 Laboratory offers a solid range of activities and instructions for students of high school age. The similarity to previous titles in the series means some material is virtually duplicated, but that said this is a worthy update to cover the new EV3 bricks and software functionality. The LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT 2.0 Discovery Book: A Beginner's Guide to Building and Programming Robotsby Laurens Valk (free shipping) The Lego Mindstorms Discovery book introduces students to building and programming Lego robots. No programming experience is necessary as the book starts with the basics. Sections include building basic robots to follow pre-programmed routes, using sensors to navigate, and advanced programming.

The build instructions are clear and easy to follow, while the tasks increase in difficulty as just the right pace. The book features instructions for a total of 8 large robots. The Unofficial LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT 2.0 Inventor's Guideby David Perdue and Laurens Valk (free shipping) The Unofficial NXT Inventor's Guide is similar in style to the ilar in style to the NXT Discovery Book above. The book starts with the basics of programming robots using the NXT-G software (this information is very similar to the information in the Discovery book), then discusses several topics including building robots with gears. The most interesting part of the book is the Projects section which has clear building instructions for 6 robots.

Although I prefer the robots in this book to those in the Discovery Book, the approach in the Discovery Book is probably better for students, as it uses lots of small challenges ('Discoveries') to test them and keep them interested. I wish the Inventor's Guide also did this. Nevertheless, this book is a useful and interesting addition and your students will certainly enjoy building the robots featured in it. LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT: The Mayan Adventureby James Floyd Kelly (free shipping) The Mayan Adventure takes a different approach to Lego robotics - instead of merely providing building instructions, it sets readers challenges based around the central story of explorers in a Mayan tomb. Each of the five challenges has a clear planning stage, building stage (though students are encouraged to create their own designs), and programming stage.

The difficulty level is probably a bit low for ITGS students, and more suited to younger students and Lego robotics clubs.Lego robotics clubs. There is a sequel to this book called, which follows a similar pattern (though I don't have a copy of my own yet).

LEGO Mindstorms NXT Power Programming: Robotics in Cby John C. Hansen (free shipping) Power Programming: Robotics in Camming: Robotics in C is a book for the more advanced Lego Mindstorms user. Rather than use the graphical programming environment that comes with the robots, it focuses on the (Next Byte Codes) and NXC (Not eXactly C) programming languages.

These offer a more familiar environment for users with prior programming experience. Unlike the other books here, Power Programming does not include tasks or tutorials; instead it is a categorised reference. This makes it a very useful reference for people who use this language and have plenty of their own Lego robots building ideas.

Blade Runner In 2019 megacorporations such as the Tyrell Corporation have created replicants - organic robots which are virtually indistinguishable from humans. Recognising the potential dangers these replicants pose to humans, they are banned from Earth. Harrison Ford is a Blade Runner - an agent sent to track down rogue replicants who defy the ban. Blade Runner examines many issues related to the development of robotic and android technologies, including the benefits and problems they may create, ethical and moral issues related to the creation of 'life', and issues relating to human-machine interaction. Exercise 16.6: Artificial Intelligence ExamplesThe links below demonstrate different types of artificial intelligence, including natural language processing, expert systems, and games-playing AI.

They should be helpful in getting students to understand what types of 'intelligent' programs are available, and how their intelligence may be achieved. a version of Joseph Weizenbaum's 'computer therapist'. another chat bot. expert systems demonstrations, including a dog breed selector and a restaurant advisor. a 'Natural Language Question Answering System'. think of an item and answer 20 questions to see if the computer can guess it.

Offers translation in many languages - choose two that you know and check its accuracy. Try to beat the computer. What does this tell you about the nature of some games?. Another example of game-playing 'intelligence'. Exercise 16.13: AI artist examples These links may be helpful as examples of the types of 'Artificial Artists' that are currently available.

Description of AARON, an AI artist, and some sample pictures. An artificial poet. a program to generate musically mathematically (Windows). Another Fractal music program (Windows). A computer program developed by David Cope, which 'learns' how to compose music by being 'encouraged' and 'discouraged' by the user.

Is a blog post that contains some great examples of human created art for this discussion. Is a good video for a lesson starter. Royal Institute Digital Intelligence lecturesChris Bishop presents the final 2008 Royal Institute Christmas Lecture, entitled, which has now been released online for free. Do not let the word 'lecture' put you off using this excellent resource: the activities are designed specifically for children. This video covers machine learning, computer vision, and pattern recognition in a variety of fun and accessible ways, assisted by a group of penguins, a dog, and a cat! I like to use this video after teaching expert systems, when students should be starting to understand the limitations of IF.THEN rules.

I use the images in the Limitations of Artificial Intelligence on page 338 of the textbook to discuss how we could write rules to distinguish cats and dogs (answer: it's very hard / we can't). Then I play this video.

The other 2008 lectures, collectively titled Hi-Tech Trek, cover other aspects of computing and are also. Applications of AI: Predictive text lesson plan has an excellent lesson plan that demonstrates how probability can be used in artificial intelligence, using predictive text as an example.

Students work in pairs and act as the mobile phone and its user, with the phone following a set of rules to offering suggestions as letters are entered, and attempting to learn from incorrect suggestions. I have found this a useful exercise for 'de-mystifying' artificial intelligence, and helping students realise that there are relatively simple procedures behind seemingly complex or intelligent behaviour. Applications of AI: Game-playingChess was long the target of artificial intelligence creators, who strived to create a machine that could beat a world-class human player. With the Deep Blue computer, IBM achieved this feat in 1997, (though Kasparov would call the victory into question, suggesting IBM cheated).

Is a good online chess program and has several different difficulty settings. These can be useful to start a discussion with students about what 'difficulty' means in these circumstances - what makes one AI player 'better' than another?

Computer Science Unplugged has an which investigates the idea of playing a game of Tic-Tac-Toe against an intelligent piece of paper that can never lose. Applications of AI: Artificial ExaminersGrading short, multiple-choice questions is an easy task for a computer, but assessing and understanding long, written responses has always been a challenge for even the most sophisticated natural language processing software. However, new technology is now being developed to perform this task. (BBC) covers the technology in detail, explaining how it works and giving examples of the potential problems.

Challenges run from the relatively mundane (reading poor hand writing) to deeper and more philosophical (a reduction in creativity and expression as students move towards 'writing for the computer'). (NY Times) looks at the issue in more depth and examines the concerns raised by prominent critics - among them, Les Perelman, who has created several nonsensical essays which have still been graded highly by a computerised system. Perelman also criticises the reliability of the system, saying it has not been verified by comparing its output with grades from actual human examiners. Introduction Activity: Robotics news sitesDevelopments in robotics happen so quickly that lesson plans and resources can be outdated extremely quickly. Some excellent news sites for keeping track of these developments are,.

A good introduction activity at the start of the Robotics unit is to divide students into groups (perhaps according to the six ITGS areas of application) and ask them to research the latest robotic developments in various areas. This is also a great way of finding new resources! Lego Mindstorms NXT lesson resources Hardware The are in no way required for the ITGS course, but they do make for some fun lessons. The box contains three and four sensors (2 touch, 1 colour, 1 ultrasonic). A variety of other sensors are available, including:. Update: On 1 September 2013 Lego released their next generation kit.

Hopefully I will have one to try out soon! Vernier's allows you to use Vernier's wide range of scientific sensors including thermometers and pH sensors (which many schools already have) with the Mindstorm robots. Books The lists Lego robotics books for students of various ages.

Lesson ideas Rather than use the supplied graphical software, I use the and have the students write programs in - a C like language. Students seem to grasp this well, providing they have clear instructions and a series of graded tasks for different abilities. basic NXC help sheet for students. 6 tasks to introduce students to moving the robots and using the ultrasonic (distance) sensor Lego Virtual Designer The software is a CAD-style application that lets users design virtual Lego models. It features all of the bricks from the Lego Mindstorms kit and can be a very useful tool for designing and planning robotics projects.

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It is PC and Mac compatible. Lego Mars Explorer Robot projectThe Mars Explorer Robot project is a challenge to design and build a robot capable of navigating 'Martian terrain' and performing two tasks (collecting rock samples and sampling the temperature of some liquid).

For the project we build a wooden board that contained the sample Mars terrain, but Although this challenge was originally run as a grade 8 ICT project, it could easily be adapted to older ITGS students (or indeed, younger students). Explains more about how the project was designed and built, and how the lessons were organised. Case Study: Mars Curiosity Robotic Rover resourcesOn 6 August 2012, NASA's Mars Science Lab successfully landed the Mars Curiosity rover on the Martian surface. The robotic rover will explore the planet, analysing rocks and other environmental data. This is a great chance for ITGS students and teachers to learn more about robotics and artificial intelligence.

NASA has some excellent resources about the robot:. is the project's main page.

is a 3D model of Curiosity explaining its input and output devices. explains the input and output hardware in more detail. is a 3D interactive view of Curiosity on the Martian surface.

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Curiosity even has its own!. about Curiosity. (BBC) provides an interesting insight into managing computers from over 60 million kilometres away. Case Study: Driverless car resources DARPA Grand Challenge Page 347 of the textbook describes the DARPA Grand Challenge, a race for autonomous vehicles across the Nevada desert. The covers the race in detail, and a cut down version is now freely available from PBS, allowing students to see the triumphs - and failures - of each of the teams.

I find it works well to have students complete textbook exercise 16-11 first, then watch them the video to see how accurate they were in their assessments. It can also be fun to do the LEGO Mindstorms lesson (above) first, if you have the resources. (The Atlantic) and (BBC) both discuss the possibility of robotic, driverless vehicles on our roads in the near future. Crash Course: Training the Brain of a Driverless Car is useful for investigating the IT Systems strand of the ITGS triangle, providing an insight into how driverless vehicles operate. While truly driverless vehicles may be some time away, (BBC) describes the creation of semi-autonomous truck convoys that communicate wirelessly to 'follow the leader' - a truck driven by a human.

Civilian applications for drones The military applications of drones are covered on the page. In addition to the well-publicised military uses, drones are increasingly being used for civilian purposes across many areas of the ITGS triangle.

Current civilian applications of drones include (Guardian); using drones to in Germany (BBC), and (BBC). The use of drones to is also being implemented in Australia. In the future it is possible that image recognition may enable these same drones to also spot swimmers in distress.

Case Study: 2013 DARPA Robotics Challenge The latest DARPA Grand Challenge focused on humanoid robots and is possibly the most difficult robotic challenge yet. The challenge was to design a robot that could perform various complex tasks in 'degraded, human-engineered environments' - in other words, in buildings damaged by earthquakes, disasters, or war. The robots had to be able to open doors and entry buildings, clear rubble, and drive vehicles. The contains a wealth of useful resources and links, including great diagrams of the 8 challenges that the robots must complete, and profiles of all the teams. A good activity is to show these challenges to students and have them consider the difficulties of each one, and perhaps propose some possible solutions using the ITGS technical language from strand 3. Students' ideas could then be compared with the team profiles and the results to see which were ultimately most successful. The challenge results were extensively covered by the media: has links to many useful resources and IEEE Spectrum has a awarded to each robot.

Case Study: Industrial robots resources Industrial robots are becoming ever cheaper - and increasingly they are competing with people for jobs. The (IFR) produces annual statistics about global use of robotics, which makes an interesting read. Robots and unemployment The New York Times' article is a great introduction to this topic, with many examples, photos and a video.

(MIT Technology Review) provides a good insight into how businesses can save money with robots, and the related social impacts in the Business & Employment sector - particularly on poorer workers. It's a (Business Week) and (Economist) both examine this impact on unskilled workers in more detail.

Argues that most people are unprepared for the pace of robotic development and unaware of the potential threat to their jobs. (NY Times) discusses the many areas in which robots are taking human jobs; delves deeper into these social impacts and asks whether the end of mass employment is near. Also addresses the issues of unemployment and reskilling. Argues that rather than causing mass unemployment, robots will actually boost the economy. Is a YouTube series of videos about how robotic technology can change, improve, and sometimes replace jobs. It examines how current technology might progress and the social impacts this will cause.: imagining a fully automated world is another video in a similar vein. Robots and safety Safety is a concern wherever robots and humans are working alongside each other; heavy robotic arms could easily kill or seriously injure a nearby human worker.

For this reason, robots and humans normally work in separate, fenced areas. However, (NY Times) discusses a new generation of robot with improved ability to sense its surroundings and work cooperately with humans.

NASA Mars Rovers Manual: 1997-2013 (Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity)by David Baker This great 'Workshop manual' contains a lot of technical information about the Mars rovers (Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity) which is related to the ITGS HL Robotics topic. There is a wealth of information relating to the rovers' hardware, input and output devices, and communication equipment. Written with technical detail, these sections give students a chance to see real life robotic technology in action (did you know Curiosity has 2GB of flash memory?). A great addition to the ITGS classroom library. Examples: Social assistance robots With ageing populations many countries are looking for new ways to care for the elderly. Carer robots or social assistance robots (SARs) are a particularly challenging type of robot to develop.

Not only must they be able to cope with a wider range of tasks and situations than industrial robots, but they must present a friendly and interactive interface to the user. Many of these challenges are very similar to the toys being developed in the 2018 ITGS case study. Below are some examples and resources for the latest in care robots:. (BBC). (video). Driverless cars and ethics Driverless or self-driving vehicles are often promoted as being safer than human drivers. However, there may be situations in which an accident is unavoidable.

In these situations, how should a driverless vehicle be programmed to behave? Which course of action should it take if all have negative outcomes? And, of course, who takes responsibility for any damage that is caused? This is a topic which links to ITGS and TOK. (video) is a good introduction. And are great articles that examine the topic in more detail. Uber driverless car accident In March 2018 an accident occured which was reportedly the first death caused by a driverless vehicle.

The Uber self-driving car hit and killed Elaine Herzberg, 49, in Arizona. The human monitor in the car also failed to spot the pedestrian until seconds before the collision. Uber stopped all self driving experiments in the aftermath of the crash.

Velodyne, the company that produces the sensors for the cars, - suggesting a software issue may have been the cause. It was later reported that the car's sensors detected Herzberg, but as it was uncertain about the nature of the obstacle.